The development of anesthesia was rather meant to create a cultural change. The concept of pain was mostly linked to the obstetric pain during the eighteenth century. To endure that kind of pain and any other pain relative or non-relative to obstetrics meant that a person had character and was regarded highly within the community. Men who tolerated pain were regarded with much more respect. Gradually, a change took place when the idea of anesthetics was favored. The development of anesthesia changed the medical community of Western Europe and Americas, and gradually spread to other parts of the world.

Dentists, not doctors, were the ones who were credited for discovering anesthesia because they had better everyday contacts with patients dealing with tremendous amounts of pain. Doctors were more attentive on the rise of new infectious diseases, researching, analyzing, and observing patients more than operating on them. Horace Well and William Thomas Green Morton were the two dentists known to develop anesthesia, or better known as local anesthesia, from a very peculiar crop, the coca leaf.

Coca leaf is best known today for its extraction to make the drug cocaine, which is used in various ways in modern times. It was from coca leaf that several chemists in Germany synthesized cocaine, with which the first motives of anesthesia were encountered. Friedrich Gaedeke was the German chemist, who discovered that coca leaves contained a molecule known as alkaloid. Then, Albert Niemann isolated the substance and called it cocaine. Cocaine was used and studied first by Thomas Moreno y Maiz, a Peruvian surgeon, who found out that injecting this drug in rats, pigs, and frogs caused sensitivity in them; hence, caused some local anesthetic effects. Another observance with cocaine was led by a Russian physician, Basil Von Anrep. He injected a small quantity of cocaine under his skin and felt nothing when jabbing took place at that very site of the skin. Consequently, he did the same to his tongue and felt no sensation when the tongue was jabbed the same way. Therefore, he concluded that cocaine was a good candidate for surgical anesthetics. Finally, it was only after the experiments and researched work of ophthalmologist Carl Koller from Vienna that cocaine was named to be used as a regional and local anesthesia. Dr. Koller's work and research was based on a patient who had glaucoma, who was the first person to have had a local anesthetic on an operating table. The development of cocaine as anesthesia spread across United States and Canada during the late nineteenth century.

Soon thereafter, Dr. Richard John Hall reported on the first successful nerve block of a patient who was under the supplement of cocaine hydrochloride. It was him, Dr. Hall and Dr. William Stewart Halsted who are credited for using the hypodermic syringe to infiltrate cocaine to the sensory nerve. The development of the hypodermic syringe would further enhance local anesthesia. It was an instrument carefully designed to administer substances into the human body, subcutaneously. More and more elaborate designs of the syringe were being brought on by new innovators. It is Alexander Wood, a surgeon from Edinburg, who we credit today for "employing the needle and the syringe as a medical instrument." Eventually, medical professionals witnessed the development of Pravaz's syringe, named after Charles Gabriel Pravaz, known as the "father of orthopedics." Pravaz's syringe was the most advanced syringe, which drove more health professionals to the use of local anesthesia due to its mechanism with the fine needle and the screw motion that allows a convenient way to apply substances into the body.

After cocaine was well renowned, more drugs were being developed to be used for local anesthesia. The most successful was novocaine, also known as para-amniobenzoic substances, discovered by Alfred Einhorn, a German chemist. It was the safest, compared to other drugs, such as alypine and stovaine, two other drugs that were in the market, and became the most popular anesthetic drug, although it appeared to cause allergic reactions in some patients. In essence, more approaches were taken to search for alternate drugs. These drugs included lidocaine, developed by Nils Lofgren and Bengt Lundquist, mepivacaine, bupivacane, pribocaine, and etidocaine. Today, the most commonly used is the mepivacaine. In dentistry, lidocaine is the most common. Most of these solutions contain adrenaline. It is a vasoconstrictor, which basically means it can constrict vessels and can prolong the effects of the anesthetic.

I used EndNote.

Duce, M.A. & Hernandez, L. F. (1999). Origins of the Hypodermic Syringe and Local Anesthesia. Their Influence on Hernia Surgery. Hernia, 3, 103-106.